Mechanics Guides & Resources

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Lost Your Car Keys?

If you've ever lost your car keys, you know the panic that sets in. You may not be able to get to work, or worse, you can't get your locked car out of the parking lot if you did not have your key cut for a spare set and only had one key. Here are a few tips to help you find your lost car keys quickly and easily. First, try retracing your steps. If you were just at home, maybe they're on the kitchen table? They might be in your purse or pocket if you were at the grocery store. If that doesn't work, check around your car for your lost car keys. Sometimes people drop their keys near the door or under the seat. Grab some needle-nosed pliers from your toolbox and search around and under the edges of your car's doors or the seat. If you've checked all of those places and still can't find your lost car keys and you don't have a spare key, it's time to call an auto locksmith. They can help you get past your locked car door and into your car or even make a new key for you. An auto locksmith typically charges by the hour for their services, so be prepared to spend a few bucks if you need their help. ## How much does it cost to replace lost car keys? Replacing lost car keys can become an expensive process depending on your make and model and the service rate of auto locksmiths. Most automakers recommend purchasing new keys together with the transponder chip from their dealership when you have lost your car keys, which can run you more than $200. However, an automotive locksmith out there can make a spare key for cheaper with access to the lock code to prevent cutting the lock barrel. ## What types of keys can I get? If you've lost your car keys and you do not have a spare car key, there are a few things you need to know before going to the auto locksmith. Not all keys are created equal, and not all auto locksmiths can make every key type. You'll need to bring your car with you so that the auto locksmith can take a look at it and see what kind of new car key it needs. The most common key type is called a "tumbler" or "flat" key. It is the standard key that a new car will likely come with and is usually easy for a locksmith to replicate. Another common type is the ''remote'' key. This type has a transponder chip that allows you to start your car without putting it in the ignition. A remote key can be expensive, but it's usually worth it if you live somewhere that gets cold or has inclement weather. Some electronic keys may require expert installation, otherwise they could cause problems such as [draining the battery](/guides/mechanics/what-car-battery-do-i-need). ## What is a tumbler car key? A tumbler key, also known as a flat or standard key, has no transponder chip inside it. These are the most common keys found in cars today and are usually relatively inexpensive to replace. They work by having a series of pins that need to be aligned correctly for the key to turn and open or start the car. ## How do I replace my tumbler key? If you've lost your tumbler key, you might need to have a locksmith come to you, which will incur a call-out fee. Depending on your make and model of car, auto locksmiths may be able to create a spare key for you on the spot or have to order it from the dealership. Either way, car key replacement shouldn't be too expensive. ## What is a flat car key? A flat key, or standard key, is the most common type of key found in cars today. It gets its name from its thin, flat design that makes it easy to fit into your car's lock. This type of key has no transponder chip inside it and typically works by having a series of pins that need to be aligned in the correct order for the traditional key to turn and open or start the car. ## What is a remote car key? Car remote keys are a type of modern car keys with a transponder chip inside them. This chip allows for keyless ignition where you don't have to put the traditional metal key in the ignition like in older cars. These car remote keys, also known as key fobs, have central locking and a push-button for ignition. Even though a car remote is usually more expensive than other types of keys, they're worth it if you live somewhere cold or have bad weather. ## How do I replace my car remote keys? Car key replacement can be expensive, but it's not too difficult. Most automakers recommend purchasing a new car key from their dealership if you do not have spare keys, which can cost more than $200. However, experienced auto locksmiths may be able to make replacement car keys for you for less with access to your vehicle identification number for key programming. ## What types of keys can't I get replaced? There are some types of keys that not all automotive locksmiths from your local shopping centre will be able to replace. These include transponder keys, "smart" keys, and an " electronic key fob." These keys are usually expensive to replace because they need special equipment to be built. If you have one of these types of keys, it's best to head to your dealership or an automotive locksmith to get replacement keys using your VIN number. Try to time it with a mechanical dealer service, or even when you have a mechanic [give you your pink slip](/guides/mechanics/what-is-a-pink-slip-for-a-car). ## What is a transponder key? A transponder key is a modern car key with a chip inside that allows you to start your car without putting it in the ignition. It also gives you access to other parts of the engine via a radio-frequency identification system. For this system to work, it needs both the key and the car's computer system, so if either part goes bad, then neither will function properly on their own. Typically, automakers recommend purchasing new transponder keys from their dealership, costing more than $200. ## What is a smart car key? A smart car key looks just like any other standard tumbler or remote key, but it has an embedded transponder chip instead of having the chip placed in the plastic head of the key. While this means that it costs less than other types of keys with chips inside, it is less easy to get a replacement key. You should therefore keep it in a safe place. ## What is an immobilizer car key? An immobiliser car key is a conventional car key fitted with an additional security feature for added protection against theft. This type of key can be easily identified by its square shape, the electronic circuit board replacing the traditional stamped metal tab on older models. The name 'immobiliser' comes from the fact that once programmed (and at startup), this security feature ensures that only vehicles with matching keys can start. Simply speaking, if someone attempts to hotwire your car, the immobiliser will prevent the engine from turning over. Installing an immobiliser is a great step towards keeping your car secure, [according to the Victorian Police](https://www.police.vic.gov.au/home-and-property).

What are spark plugs?

A spark plug that has become faulty due to its age or any other reason will turn your drive into a nightmare. While starting a car we never pay heed to science working behind the procedure. A spark plug is fitted to the cylinder head of the engine and a connected ignition coil sends a charge to the spark plug to fire an engine. ## How does a spark plug work? All cars today work on a simple principle of fuel, air, and heat energy. A spark plug placed on the cylinder head of compression ignition engines makes sure that the vehicle keeps running smoothly in the required heat range. ## How many spark plugs are there in a car? For an automobile to move forward, the process of ignition by spark plug has to be repeated thousands of times per minute. So, an automobile needs more than just one spark plug sparks to work efficiently. For example, if a vehicle has a four-cylinder diesel engine then it must have four spark plugs for combustion in each cylinder. Similarly, a car or even a bigger vehicle with a V6 inside its bonnet will have six spark plug functions and so on. ## Is it required to change all spark plugs at the same time? A spark plug in good condition will start a vehicle without a hassle. On the other hand, a spark plug that has become faulty due to its age or any other reason will make your drive into a nightmare. During its lifetime, a spark plug ignites thousands of times. It is usually recommended that if a single spark comes out faulty, the whole set will also be problematic and should immediately be replaced. Not only is it important to replace all the spark plugs at the same time, but it is also equally important that you buy the right kind of spark plug. ## How long does a spark plug last? A spark plug will see its efficiency reduce with every passing mile. The constant sparking and ignition on the electrodes takes a toll on components resulting in lower fuel efficiency, delayed engine performance and overall erratic behaviour. A spark plug, no matter how good quality, will falter in time. Some spark parks have a life expectancy of around 100,000km - others 50,000km. ## What are the signs of a bad spark plug? Sometimes a vehicle shows signs of premature spark plug malfunction. These have certain symptoms which you need to look out for. Listed below is the list of such symptoms: - Guzzling petrol - Erratic behaviour while on road - Refusal to start - Lack of acceleration - Driving rough in cold weather conditions - undefined The above-mentioned symptoms are crucial and should be looked out for when reviewing the health of spark plugs. The symptoms are similar to a [bad fuel filter.](/guides/mechanics/how-often-to-change-fuel-filter) ## When should you replace a spark plug? Usually, manufacturers of spark plugs recommend around a 60,000 to 70,000km limit on spark plug,s but nowadays companies also offer a long-life spark plug that has a life of around 100,000km. These can be either iridium or platinum-dipped spark plug material. ## How will I recognise that it's time to replace my spark plugs? A spark plug is responsible for providing the spark that ignites the air-mixture in the combustion chamber. A few symptoms of a faulty spark plug are a misfiring engine, poor fuel economy, rattling of the engine, struggle with acceleration and difficulty in starting the car. These things are fairly common after a 60,000km limit.

What Colour is Brake Fluid?

Brake fluid colour is usually clear or light amber but can also have a dark yellow tint pigmentation. This occurs when the brake fluid absorbs water from the air due to repeated use of moisture in its system. If your car seems to require more brake pedal pressure than normal, you may have a brake fluid leak or worn brake pads. Some manufacturers recommend replacing brake fluid every two years, while others specify every four years. It's possible for the colour of the brake fluid to change from light amber to dark brown over time even if no leaks are present; this is especially true if it's subjected to extreme heat or cold during storage or usage. The most reliable way to tell if there might be a problem with your brakes is to have them checked by a qualified mechanic. If your brake fluid is dark brown in colour, have your brakes inspected as soon as possible. If there isn't a problem with the brakes themselves, you probably need to get the fluid flushed and replaced. ## How is brake fluid flushed? Brake fluid flush is a process where the old fluids are removed, and fresh brake fluid is installed. As with any auto service, all safety precautions should be taken to ensure the mechanic performing the task is experienced. The brake pads may [not need replacing](/guides/brake-clutch-repairs/when-to-change-brake-pads) during this process. In a brake flush, the technician will open the fluid reservoir and remove about half of the old fluid. A suction tool then pulls out any more remaining in the lines and calipers before fresh fluid is added back to top off the system. This reduces or eliminates moisture from entering your brake lines. ## What does brake fluid do? Brake fluids are a mixture of water and ethylene glycol, which lowers the boiling point of water to allow for safe braking at high temperatures. The ethylene glycol both lubricates parts inside the braking system as well as lowers surface tension so that pressure on the foot brake pedal will push it down with less effort. When a driver puts pressure on the brake pedal, the vacuum power booster system activates a master cylinder. The pressurised brake fluid pushes brake fluid into the brake line all the way to the brake parts that connect to the wheels, pushing pistons that apply pressure to the rotors or discs through the brake pads. The friction action of the brake pads stops the vehicle. The brake system [works with the ABS unit](/guides/mechanics/what-is-abs-in-a-car). ## Are there different types of brake fluid in Australia? There are four types of brake fluids in Australia generally used for cars, motorcycles, or any other vehicle that uses hydraulic braking systems. ### Standard brake fluid This type is also known as mineral oil and DOT3 / DOT4 fluid. It's the most common type found in passenger vehicles, trucks, and motorcycles. ### Low viscosity brake fluid Also called mineral oil with polyol ester added, it's different because it has a lower boiling point than standard brake fluid but often costs more. ### Organic Acid Technology (OAT) This is low-viscosity mineral oil with some alcohol-based additives included to help prevent corrosion and deposits from building up on components inside a braking system. OAT brake fluids are very popular in later model vehicles. ### Semi-synthetic brake fluid Contains a combination of low viscosity oils and synthetic fluids. ## Which brake fluid is right for my car? There are different brake fluids for different types of vehicles, so it's important to know what type you need. Generally, you will find brake fluid labels with the initials DOT. Cars used in plains and under normal driving conditions will comfortably use DOT 3 brake fluids. In higher altitudes conditions, DOT4 is recommended. DOT 5 and DOT5.1 brake fluid is recommended for performance-based vehicles and race cars. DOT3 and 4 brake fluids are poly glycol-based, whereas DOT5 and 5.1 are silicone-based. You can only mix brake fluids that have similar characteristics. As such, you can mix DOT 3 and 4 but cannot mix this category with DOT 5s. If you're not sure which type of brake fluid is correct for your vehicle, consult an expert or check the manufacturer's manual for more information. ## What happens if I use the wrong brake fluid? Using any other type of brake fluid than what is recommended by your car's manufacturer can cause deterioration and even damage to parts inside the braking system. Using the wrong brake fluid will alter the performance of a braking system, which can cause brake failure. Contaminated brake fluid can also cause corrosion of the brake lines, damage seals, or clog valves. Some damages may be irreversible, even with a brake fluid flush. ## What happens if you don't change your brake fluid? If you neglect to change your brake fluid over time, it can cause permanent damage to your brake system or lead to failure of either your master or wheel cylinders resulting in brakes that do not work. The absorption of moisture contaminates brake oil. This affects the brake fluid composition, altering important characteristics like the boiling point, viscosity, and corrosion resistance. Opening the brake cap for long periods can also lead to dirt or grime mixing with the fluid. All these factors lead to dirty brake fluid. Always check or have your mechanic check any changes in brake fluid colour, which may be a sign of old or contaminated brake fluid. ## How often should I change my brake fluid? The frequency of changing your brake fluid largely depends on what type of driving you do, how many miles are driven each year, and also what the weather is like where you live. If you drive in an area where it's very hot or very cold, or if your brake system deals with a lot of water through rain and car washes then it's a good idea to change your brake fluid more regularly. Some brake fluid manufacturers recommend a change every two years. Many drivers find it necessary to change old to new brake fluid every 4 to five years. Different car makers have different recommendations for brake fluid replacement. Check your user manual for details. If you notice dark brake fluid with a semblance to used motor oil colour, that's a sign you need to replace the old brake oils with new brake fluid. Again, if the brake pedal feels soft and there are no visible leakages, it may be due to moisture contamination affecting the viscosity performance of the brake fluid. ## How much does it cost to have my brake fluid changed? Brake flush services will range from $99 to over $300, depending on how many litres your vehicle needs, which model/year of the vehicle you drive, what place you go to get the job done and if you have your [brake pads replaced](/guides/brake-clutch-repairs/brake-pads-price) during the service. ## How do I know when my brake fluid needs changing? If the colour of your brake fluid has changed from its original colour, or if you notice any leaks under the hood near the brake system, this could indicate that your brake fluid should be changed. If there are visible signs of corrosion on components inside your braking system, especially near the master cylinder, change your brake fluid immediately. ## How do I check my car's brake fluid? Check the brake fluid reservoir located in the engine bay. If it has a clear plastic cap, remove the cap and check the fluid level. If it's dark or murky, you should change your brake fluid immediately. The brake fluid level in the reservoir should not be lower than "min" or higher than "max" under any circumstances. If it is, you may have a leak in your braking system and will need to consult your manufacturer's manual to find out which type of brake fluid is compatible with your vehicle and how to add more if necessary. ## How do I top up my brake fluid? If the brake fluid is down to the minimum level, you can top it up using new brake fluid. Make sure that you use the correct type of brake fluid as outlined in your owner's manual, and follow any specific instructions or precautions listed on your car's handbook. After adding more brake fluid, check the reservoir again and keep checking your brakes every few days until they feel normal again. Also, ensure you do not have leaking brake fluid lines. If there are any leaks, you will notice wet brake lines or wetness at the pistons or cylinder sections. The South Australian state government has a handy information sheet to [brakes and braking modifications](https://www.sa.gov.au/topics/driving-and-transport/vehicles/vehicle-standards-and-modifications/brakes).

Car Battery vs Deep Cycle Battery

The main difference between deep cycle and car battery is the amount of time they can hold a charge. Car batteries are not designed to be discharged regularly, whereas deep cycle batteries are built for repeated use. ### Car batteries A car battery supplies energy to the engine in order to start it up. Because these batteries rarely get used, they are designed to hold a charge for weeks at a time. This is done through a combination of materials, most commonly lead-based. These batteries are designed to withstand lots of charging and discharging, but they do not supply much energy for starting a car. They produce high power and or voltage for a short time. They produce this power or voltage without causing damage to the cell. The life is less and water loss is expected. [Car batteries](/guides/mechanics/are-car-batteries-12v) also have a relatively short lifespan—anywhere from one to three years. ### Deep cycle batteries A deep cycle battery supplies more power than its car counterpart; it can deliver more amps for longer periods of time. Deep cycle batteries are designed to be discharged frequently and then recharged. Deep cycle batteries use lead-calcium or nickel-cadmium materials, both of which are more durable than the lead in conventional car batteries. They also have thicker lead plates that can withstand repeated discharging. They work for long period. Applications include cranking vehicle's engine, recreational vehicles, golf carts, places where battery needs to be deeply discharged, and marine applications. If a deep cycle battery is discharged severely (below 30%) then the number of cycles capacity reduce to half. Lead acid batteries are deep cycle batteries. They have increased discharge cycles and more cold cranking amps. High cold cranking amps rating (cca rating) is important in cold areas (below zero degrees). It's recommended to use a lead acid battery over regular car battery or automotive battery. They're also used in solar panels. The solar panels forward all the power to these batteries. ## Can you use a deep cycle battery in your car? Sometimes car owners will buy two deep cycle batteries (lead acid battery) so that they can throw one on the charger when the other is being used in their vehicle. These types of batteries do have downsides: they weigh more than standard car batteries and take up more space. In addition, you cannot jump start your car with a deep cycle battery like you can with a traditional vehicle battery. Before using deep cycle batteries as a replacement for your regular vehicle battery, make sure that your starter system is compatible with this type of product. ## Are deep cycle batteries worth it? Deep cycle batteries tend to be larger than car batteries but hold a greater charge and can be discharged more frequently without damaging them. In addition, deep cycle batteries are generally cheaper than car batteries and may even be less expensive to buy when you factor in their longer lifespan. Deep cycle batteries are great if you need power for high-performance electronics, like a [boat or RV](/guides/mechanics/marine-battery-vs-car-battery). If you do opt to invest in a deep cycle battery for your car, be sure to read the owner's manual carefully in order to prevent any problems down the road. ## What kind of batteries do electric cars use? Electric cars use lithium-ion batteries, a type of rechargeable battery that is lighter than conventional car batteries. This lightweight battery is the right battery that allows the car to have better acceleration and a longer range on one charge. Because electric cars have to hold so much power, lithium-ion batteries are very expensive. Lithium-ion batteries do not need as much maintenance as standard vehicle batteries and can withstand more charging cycles without any performance decline. Lithium-ion batteries also contain fewer toxic chemicals, which makes them safer for the environment than lead-acid car batteries. ## How long will my battery last? Car batteries typically last between one and three years. The longevity of a battery is dependent on the number of cycles that are placed on it. A cycle occurs when you discharge 100% of the battery's power, usually done by running your car until it dies. If you have a charging system in your car, then you should be able to go for longer periods without discharging your vehicle completely. As your battery gets older, it will start to hold a lower charge and require more time to recharge. ## Does my deep cycle battery suffer from memory effect? Deep cycle batteries do not suffer from the memory effect. If your battery isn't holding a charge very long, then you may have a charging system problem and need to replace or repair it. A good multimeter can test whether your battery is damaged and won't hold a charge. Also, if you are connecting your deep cycle battery to multiple electrical loads simultaneously, this could lead to the reduction of your battery's capacity. When this happens, be sure to disconnect all other devices before attempting to recharge the battery in order for it to perform at its best capabilities. ## What is a battery's memory effect? It's important to know the right battery that can be used as starting batteries in place of a car's battery. Different battery types use lead dioxide, sulfuric acid (sulphuric acid), lead sulfate, etc. A correct choice for the starting batteries can help in saving money that you won't regret your entire life. You just need something to crank the engine and or sharp burst. The rest of the electricity will be charged by the vehicle's alternator. The memory effect occurs when a battery remembers the point at which it was last discharged and will not allow itself to discharge below that level. This is most common in nickel-cadmium batteries. To prevent your battery from experiencing the memory effect, you should try to discharge it completely before recharging it. If you have a car battery that is draining too quickly, then you might experience the "memory" phenomenon if you do not take steps to reverse it. Gel batteries can be used as starter batteries and for deep cycle application. More efficient options include the AGM battery, which has a high reserve capacity and will work properly for long periods. They have glass mat sealed inside the battery. Flooded batteries demand checking their electrolyte fluid before disposing because that's its active material. The active material can cause severe damage later. Deep cycles work for extended period and have long periods of life expectancy. The total capacity can vary. They have thicker plates (more surface area) and perform well on repeated charge. The lost power is recharged by the alternator. The alternator takes over once the engine starts and return the power back to the battery.

What is Brake Horsepower?

Brake horsepower (bhp) measures the power of an engine, not the amount of power a car will produce. Brake horsepower measures the output horsepower rating at the engine output shaft. The power is developed when energy is converted. When you press your car's accelerator pedal, it opens a valve in your engine that allows more gas to flow into the engine. The more gas that flows in, the more engine power is produced. The term brake horsepower refers to the measurement of power developed when the car is at a complete stop, with the engine idling. It's called brake horsepower because it's measured using a simple braking system that consists of a heavy roller and two electric sensors. Although brake horsepower is used interchangeably with wheel horsepower, the two are not the same. Wheel horsepower is measured on the wheels. Since, at this point, the vehicle's weight is factored in, this power is less than brake horsepower. Brake horsepower doesn't really ahve anything to do with brakes or [brake pads](/guides/brake-clutch-repairs/when-to-change-brake-pads). ## What is the difference between bhp and KW? When we talk about the power of an engine, we describe it in terms of brake horsepower (bhp) or kilowatts (Kw). 1 bhp is equivalent to 0.75 Kw. 1 Kw = 1.34 bhp. So when you see a car described as having 100 bhp, that's the same as 75 kW. Kw measures the output of a mechanical or electrical system, whereas bhp measures only the output power of the engine. ## Is brake horsepower higher than horsepower? No, not always. Horsepower and brake horsepower are different measurements of the engine's power output. Understanding these terms is important because car manufacturers do not always use a stand system when describing an engine's output force using hp and bhp. The difference between hp and bp arises because brake power is measured when the engine is idling and the automobile is at a standstill. There aren't any gears engaged. Horsepower is measured after considering power losses due to friction. The actual power delivered is lower in hp. Horsepower is measured at the flywheel, which means that there has to be some sort of gear reduction involved, such as a transmission. Since the car must be moving before an actual speed measurement can be made, horsepower readings are always lower than brake horsepower measurements. This is because mechanical horsepower measured at the flywheel accounts for frictional losses from wheel bearings and auxiliary components, which is not the case with bhp. Bhp stands for gross horsepower and mechanical hp represents net horsepower generated. Hp is the power delivered to the entire system. Bhp is the power produced before power losses. In some readings, you will find the term indicated horsepower. Where used, indicated horsepower refers to the power inside the combustion chambers before factoring in frictional horsepower losses. Input brake horsepower is the input power generated. Horsepower is the output power generated. ## What is a flywheel in a car? A flywheel is a large, heavy wheel that rotates on its axis between the engine and the transmission of an automobile. It serves as a balancing mechanism for the crankshaft. The flywheel also absorbs energy from the moving pistons at key points in their rotation and transfers it to another component such as the crankshaft or transmission. Flywheels come in different varieties: solid, ceramic, and carbon. A solid-type flywheel is made of cast iron with a hard surface that's created through the process of turning. The drawback to this flywheel is that it can be very heavy. A ceramic flywheel has less bulk than a cast-iron flywheel because it's spun in an oven until it reaches extremely high temperatures, which creates frictional forces that make the wheel strong but also lighter. Car enthusiasts like this variety because they believe they can achieve greater gas mileage due to reduced weight. Another benefit to using a ceramic flywheel is its resistance to corrosion as well as extreme heat and cold conditions often experienced on race tracks. While racers use ceramic varieties because of their lightweight properties, not all drivers want to sacrifice weight for speed and durability. Incorrect ratios can lead to gearbox damage or [complete replacement](/guides/mechanics/gearbox-replacement-cost-australia). A carbon flywheel is even lighter than a ceramic flywheel, and it's also corrosion and heat resistant. Carbon models are typically used in passenger vehicles that require smooth starts without added noise or vibrations since this type of flywheel doesn't transfer as much energy as the others do. ## What is torque? Torque measures the twisting force of an engine. It's related to horsepower, but it isn't exactly the same thing. A car engine works like a lever; as it rotates around and around, the torque is converted into motion that moves your vehicle forward. Practically, engine power is converted to motion by the torque converter. The more torque there is behind this motion, the faster you'll be able to go, up hills and such, even though power and speed are different things. You can increase your car's acceleration by either increasing its power or its engine torque (or both), but if you want to keep up with other drivers on a hill climb, for instance, you need more torque than just enough power to maintain your speed. Power is what you need to go fast, torque helps you get up hills. The amount of torque an engine can produce depends on how much power it produces and the rotational speed at which the crankshaft rotates. The more powerful the engine, the greater its ability to create torque. High torque means more power at lower RPM. This is especially helpful when you want to accelerate and maintain speed, such as on a steep hill climb. Torque also gives your car better traction in slippery conditions, so it doesn't lose any power while moving from point A to point B. Power is what gets you up to top speed quickly, but without the greater torque produced by high-performance engines, you would not be able to maintain that top speed for very long or go very fast going uphill without losing a lot of time and energy. ## What is an engine dyno? A dyno is a machine that measures your engine's horsepower and torque. Before you take any car into the shop for repairs, it's good to get an accurate estimate of what kind of shape your engine is in. If you're buying a new or used car, you should be aware of how well it performs, not just on paper but under actual driving conditions. ## How does a dyno work? While your car is running on a dyno, it's connected to a computer that records the RPMs and calculates the output torque. If you put your car under load, as in driving hard uphill, this will lower the RPM because the load causes resistance. In other words, for each revolution of the crankshaft, less work or torque is produced due to the additional weight. A car's engine performs less work during a dyno test when it has a heavy load, so the RPMs will be lower. The dyno calculates this loss in power and displays the information on a printout so you can see how many horsepower or lb/ft of torque your engine is producing at any given time. This helps mechanics diagnose problems with your vehicle while you wait, [such as an oil leak](/guides/motor-oils/engine-oil-price) that might hurt performance. It can also be helpful for experienced or prospective car owners who want to know how much power they're getting for their dollar. A brake type dynamometer is used to measure bhp, and a simple dynamometer is used to measure horsepower. Using standard dynamometer readings, you can easily convert hp and bhp to metric horsepower, electrical horsepower. or imperial mechanical horsepower. In the market for an eco-friendly car? Take a look at the [Green Vehicle Guide](https://www.greenvehicleguide.gov.au/pages/Information/VehicleEmissions).

Blue Slip Cost in New South Wales

A blue slip is a certificate of roadworthiness for a vehicle in New South Wales (NSW). It is an inspection to ensure that your vehicle complies with the Road Transport (Vehicle Registration) Act. A blue slip is a certificate from a mechanic ensuring an unregistered car is safe and meets all roadworthy standards. Before you can get a blue slip, your car must pass inspections and obtain a certificate of inspection. You need a blue slip if you own an unregistered vehicle and all interstate vehicles brought into NSW. Blue slip inspections costs are outlined below. | Vehicle | Blue slip cost | | -- | -- | | Light vehicle | $67 | true | | Motorcycle | $41 | true | | Trailer with brakes | $48 | true | | Trailer without brakes | $34 | true | The rates above are the standard maximum fees for the blue slip. ## Why do I need a blue slip inspection? The purpose of a blue slip inspection includes the below. - Identity check to ascertain that unregistered vehicle details indicated in the vehicle's registration records are correct. The vehicle inspection confirms that the VIN number is correct, legible, and is not in any way defaced due to rust, paint works, or damage from routine repairs. - Confirms that the car's odometer readings are accurate and have not been tampered with. - To certify that the vehicle meets roadworthy standards. - Blue slip involves checking that needed repairs to a previously written-off vehicle have been carried out before re-registration. - To confirm those light vehicles whose registration has expired for more than three months are in roadworthy condition and meet the safety check standards. - Besides ensuring a vehicle meets a manufacturer's standards, you need a blue slip to confirm that details that have changed significantly, such as a new engine are registered correctly in the car's registration records. Further, the service centre will confirm that an engine that needs defect notices cleared has met the required repairs. Unregistered vehicles must complete the blue slips inspection before being issued with number plates. ## What is checked for a blue slip? A blue slip will check the following: - Brakes. - Steering system works correctly. - Wheels, wheel bearings, suspension, and tyres. - Lights and reflectors. - Horn. - Windscreen wipers and washers. - Seats and seat belts. - Doors. - Windows. - Structure of the car or motorcycle frame. - General condition of the vehicle. ## How long does a blue slip inspection take? A blue slip inspection should take no longer than 30 minutes. It is performed at an accredited service centre. Your mechanic will check the brakes, steering, wheels and tyres, lights and reflectors, horn, windscreen wipers and washers, seats, doors, and windows during this time. They will also check the condition of the car or motorcycle frame and the general condition of the vehicle. If your car or motorcycle fails any of the safety check inspections, it will not receive a blue slip. You will need to fix the issue before getting a blue slip. If your car or motorcycle passes all of the safety inspections, your mechanic will give you a certificate of inspection. The authorised unregistered vehicle inspection report is electronically shared. After being issued with the blue slip report, the next step for the owner of a light vehicle is to take their unregistered cars to Service NSW to be issued with number plates. Since the report is valid for 42 days, the unregistered car must be presented for registration within this period. If not, the validity expires, and the blue slip inspection process must be repeated. This is your proof that your car or motorcycle is roadworthy and can be driven on NSW roads. ## What is a pink slip and a green slip? A pink slip is a [certificate of registration](/guides/mechanics/what-is-a-pink-slip-for-a-car) for a vehicle in NSW. A green slip is an insurance for a vehicle in NSW. The pink slip inspection is a safety check activity. In contrast to the blue slip safety inspection performed for registration purposes, the pink slips safety inspection report is an annual requirement for all light vehicles registered in NSW. You will need a blue, pink slip, and a green slip to have your vehicle registered and be allowed to drive it or ride the motorcycle on NSW roads. ## Who can issue a blue slip? Only an NSW licensed mechanic can issue a [blue slip for your car](/guides/mobile-auto-electricians/what-is-a-blue-slip) or motorcycle. They will need to have been issued a certificate of registration from Roads and Maritime Services. ## What is Roads and Maritime Services? [Roads and Maritime Services (RMS)](https://roads-waterways.transport.nsw.gov.au/roads/vehicle-registration/index.html) is the government department that manages driver and vehicle registration, road safety, and marine licensing in NSW. They issue a certificate of registration to an NSW licensed mechanic. This allows the mechanic to issue blue slips for cars and motorcycles. ## What is included in a green slip? A green slip includes third party property damage and personal injury insurance. It does not cover destruction to your car or motorcycle. If you are in a collision or your car or motorcycle is stolen, you will need to make a claim on your comprehensive insurance. ## What is third party insurance? Third party insurance covers damages to other people and their property, not your vehicle. You need third party property damage and personal injury insurance before you can drive on NSW roads. ## What is comprehensive insurance? As the name implies, comprehensive insurance covers damages to you and your car or motorcycle. It also covers damages and compensates losses to other people and their property. Comprehensive insurance is an escalation of CTP insurance. You will pay an additional premium to get the added benefits of comprehensively insuring your vehicle. To register a vehicle in NSW, you need a blue slip, a pink, and a green slip. CTP insurance is equivalent to a green slip.

Is a Car Battery AC or DC?

A car battery is 12 volts - but actually 12.8 to 13.2 volts, given normal operating conditions. A car battery is 12 volts. The voltage of a car battery is actually 12.8 to 13.2 volts, given the normal operating conditions of most cars. The battery produces alternating current (ac batteries) and that alternating current has voltage fluctuations. So the voltage of a car battery is not exactly 12 volts. But it is "12-ish" volts. And that's close enough for government work. ## How do the car batteries work? A standard car battery [stores 12 volts](/guides/mechanics/are-car-batteries-12v) and has a capacity that ranges between 200 and 225 amp-hours (Ah). It can be charged by driving your vehicle, but don't expect this to charge your battery fully -- or even close. In addition, when you're driving, most of the power created by your alternator goes into powering all of the electrical accessories such as headlights, turn signals, stereo, etc., not just charging up the batter. A car's alternator has its hands full charging up everything but the car battery. A car's alternator always provides current to maintain the charge on your vehicle's standard battery, but the charging capacity of a regular car battery is low compared to that of a high-power deep cycle marine/RV type batter. The batteries in RVs are designed for "deep" discharging and recharging, as well as for long periods of non-use (i.e, storage). Car batteries provide dc voltage, not ac current; they're not designed for frequent full discharge and recharge cycles; their amp-hours rating is relatively small (compared to [deep cycle marine or RV batteries](/guides/mechanics/marine-battery-vs-car-battery)); and they don't have enough reserve power to power a lot of electrical accessories for very long. Thomas Edison used direct current for the first electric power transmission systems he invented. The batteries that use DC power supply small electronic appliances and gadgets like laptops, radios, microwaves, and more. If you've been driving your vehicle and the battery is discharged, the alternator will not produce 100% output when it's trying to recharge the car battery back up to 12 volts; at best, it'll provide about 15% of its normal charging capacity - if that much. A car battery or any other battery releases DC voltage. It requires some additional circuits if you want to make it AC. ## Where is DC current used? DC electricity is used in a lot of applications. These include: - A DC battery is used to charge batteries, such as the car's battery AC converter. - DC volts are commonly used in electronic equipment that uses direct current (for example televisions, radios, computers and printers). The term "direct current" refers to something that has a constant polarity; it never changes direction. Typically a small AC supplies power to an electronic device; however, the electrical current inside of the device effectively converts the ac power into dc power by using diodes that block reversal of current flow and capacitors which store energy until enough voltage is available to drive a load. So, although the input for these electronics devices might be ac output mains voltage from your home's electrical system, all direct current electronics devices use dc generators internally. - DC batteries are used in fluorescent lightings, such as the lights in your office building or supermarket. The big ballast that you see at the base of each fluorescent light has a bridge rectifier inside of it which allows AC power from an electrical system to be converted into direct current flows to charge up the large capacitors found there, and then that stored energy is released by discharging into the cathodes of all of those little gas-filled tubes inside of every fluorescent light fixture. DC voltage just flows one way -- from high voltage down through a load (such as an incandescent bulb) to ground -- like water flowing downhill in pipes but unlike alternating current which changes direction periodically. ## How is AC and DC current converted? AC power (alternating current) can be converted into a DC generator by using an electronic device called a solid-state diode, of which there are several types. Alternately, an AC adapter can be converted into DC (low voltage) by using a transformer/rectifier combination. A diode (which produces chemical energy) is a simple semiconductor device consisting of two "electrodes" such as n-doped or p-doped silicon, with the cathode being the positive terminal. Two other electrodes are commonly used, one more positive than the cathode, and another less charged than the cathode making for 3 terminals in all. Cathodes are referred to as negative because of their voltage potential when compared to the ground (0 volts); they're not really negative in any other respect. These cathodes and diodes are also used in lithium-ion batteries. This battery (AC or DC) is also called portable battery unit. It is a source of low voltage for a car's electrical system.

Mechanics Informational Articles

What Car Battery Do I Need?

The car battery is the heart of your vehicles electrical system and acts as a storage tank for electric power. As the battery ages, it becomes less effective at delivering energy to start your engine. Most automotive batteries have a lifespan of four to five years. A car sli battery is comprised of lead plates, surrounded by an electrolyte solution contained within porous plastic cells. The battery plates and electrolyte solution are encased in a heavy-duty metal that acts as a protective barrier for the delicate components. The battery sends power to the starter motor, which then turns on your engine. When you turn off your car, the [alternator recharges the batteries](/guides/auto-parts/cost-of-alternator-replacement) so it's ready to go when you start your vehicles. SLI batteries are usually in a continuous cycle of charge and discharge since they have a very small charge cycle. The standard lead-acid batteries (automotive) is available in three different types: ## Sealed AGM batteries (Absorbed Glass Mat) Sealed AGM batteries (Absorbed Glass Mat) offer several advantages over conventional flooded cell batteries since they do not require routine maintenance or topping up with water. They have better resistance to vibration and shock damage than other designs. These features make them especially suitable for areas where there is a high risk of flooding, such as in a remote location. The downside is that AGM batteries require the use of a specialised battery charger and cannot be topped up with water as this can be potentially dangerous. The range of pricing of the accessories varies from the type of batteries used. Each one has its own responsibility and benefits. ## Flooded cell Flooded cells are the most common type of car battery. These batteries are filled with acid that circulates within the battery's cells via gravity, therefore do not require any additional pumps or valves to operate them. They are usually connected together using metal links (wires) which are attached to a terminal post on each cell. When one cell is accessed for connecting and disconnecting power sources they all need to be interconnected so currents can flow through them together - this means you have another wire from one post to another interconnecting terminal between every cell. ## Gel batteries Gel batteries are a variation of flooded cells and require no maintenance or topping up with water, just like AGMs. This type of battery still has an electrolyte (acid) inside but it's suspended in tiny gel beads rather than liquid form as in conventional flooded cell designs. Since the acid is suspended in tiny particles instead of flowing freely within a cell, the risk of spillage is virtually eliminated. Spillages are also less likely to occur due to reduced pressure and possible cracks which can cause leakage. The gel technology is usually mixed with some powdered silica filler material which enhances the performance of these types of batteries by increasing their life expectancy and reducing self-discharge rates compared to regular flooded cells. ## Do all batteries fit all cars? All the battery products come in different shapes, sizes and capacities. All batteries have the same structure so the differences are simply down to their capacity, which is how much energy it can store at any one time. The standard starting battery will only last for about 30 seconds when it kicks over your engine's starter motor while a heavy-duty truck battery will power an electrical technology for up to twenty minutes before being drained. Battery capacities also vary greatly according to vehicle make and model along with whether they're part of an electronic ignition system or not (electric vehicles). A car owner's manual will have the necessary information regarding any special requirements [required by your battery](/guides/mechanics/are-car-batteries-12v) so you can buy the correct model or for battery recycling. ## What is the average cost to replace a car battery? It mainly depends upon the compilation and specifications of the battery. The average cost to replace a car battery in Australia is about $150. This varies depending on the [type of battery](/guides/mechanics/is-a-car-battery-ac-or-dc), grade and AH rating, vehicle make and model along with how far the vehicle is from a mechanic. The main expenses incurred when replacing the car batteries are the replacement cost of the new battery and any labour costs involved in removal, installation and connection. Some batteries are easier to remove than others while some mechanics charge more for removing batteries from hard-to-reach places. ## How can I check my car battery's condition? Many people will know when their car battery is starting to fade if the car struggles to start or takes a longer time than normal to crank over. A low-cost way of checking your battery's performance is by using a voltmeter. This device will measure all the electrical currents running through your system, including any power flowing from the battery and going back out into the rest of the circuits in your vehicle. Using an analog multimeter is one reliable way of gauging how much charge still remains in your battery and if it needs replacing soon before you are left stranded on the roadside. Disposing of an old battery needs to be done carefully, according to the [City of Newcastle](https://newcastle.nsw.gov.au/living/waste-and-recycling/problem-wastes/batteries). Check to see if any regulations apply to your area.

What Does DFI Module Stand For in a Car?

The DFI (Direct Fire Ignition) module is a device that works with your car's computer system. It serves as a central hub for all sensors and actuators on the engine. It processes this data and combines it with other parameters such as RPM, throttle position, oil temperature, etc. The direct fire ignition (DFI) module calculates the optimal amount of fuel to be injected into the engine. ## How does DFI work? The DFI module takes measured or calculated data, including engine speed (RPM), throttle position, the temperature of the coolant and intake air, and atmospheric pressure. The processing unit of the module then calculates the optimal amount of fuel to be injected into the engine per cycle based on this information. The [oxygen content of the exhaust gas](/guides/mufflers-exhausts/what-is-a-cat-back-exhaust) also plays a role in this calculation as well as airflow. In theory, perfect combustion is achieved by injecting just the right amount of fuel into the engine at precisely the right time, resulting in reduced emissions and optimal engine performance. ## What are sensors? Sensors are input components that measure real-time information about an aspect of a system or its environment and then send that data to a computer for processing or to another component within the same device if it was manufactured with multiple parts. A sensor can be anything from a thermometer to a motion detector. These devices convert real-world phenomena, such as motion, sound, temperature, into an electrical signal, which can be read by other components within your system. The resulting output can be used to trigger an event or simply as feedback to determine if the system is working correctly at any given moment. Misfiring and stalling due to the failure of the DFI module sensor is a common problem with the Holden Commodore and the Toyota Lexcen specially designed for Australia. If your Holden Commodore is in the VN-VP-VR-VS-VT-VX-VY category or VG-VU UTE series, you can anticipate a misfiring problem or stalling due to faulty coil packs or a DFI module that has reached the end of its useful life. If your car is cranking and won's start during ignition, be sure that the plugs, the coil pack, and all wires are in good working condition. Replace worn spark plugs, coils, or broken wires. [If the spark plugs](/guides/mechanics/what-are-spark-plugs) and the ignition coil, other coils are fine and wires are not broken, yet the car won't fire, you can proceed to troubleshoot other sensors, including the direct fire ignition module. More recent cars have a Mass Air Flow Sensor (MAF Sensor), which calculates the air/fuel ratio at different throttle levels. If the MAF sensor is damaged, the engine will only crank but won't start. Any broken or damaged sensor should be replaced. ## Is DFI just a computer? A DFI module is indeed a computer. It is an electronic device containing multiple microprocessors (CPUs), memory modules, input/output devices, and various other components used to process data. A DFI module is more powerful than a standard computer. Each engine cylinder contains a central processing unit, dedicated memory modules, and more capable input/output devices. ## What can I do with DFI? A DFI module allows you to adjust critical parameters that affect your vehicle's performance, such as ignition timing, air-fuel ratio, etc. In most cases, only an authorised service centre or mechanic would have these tools. But with the right hardware wiring and knowledge about how to use this device, you could get access to more features on your car so long as these are supported by the ECU software. ## What is the ECU? The ECU (or engine control unit) is an integral part of the DFI module. It serves as a bridge between the various sensors, actuators, and other components of the engine. It reads data from each sensor so it can adjust things such as fuel injection timing when needed. In addition, by communicating with other devices in your system, the ECU could disable faulty or problematic parts if necessary to prevent damage to your vehicle. ## Do all cars have DFI? No, not all cars need a DFI module. The DFI module is a standard component in the 1996 Holden Commodore or its twin model, the Toyota Lexcen. In the Commodores, you will find it below the coil packs and the spark plugs housing. Many modern vehicles have so-called dual or multi-point fuel injection systems in which the ECU controls both the primary and secondary injectors. A standalone or stand-alone DFI module is needed when there are two separate fuel injectors, i.e., injectors that receive their commands directly from the ECU without any input from other sources such as throttle position. ## What types of DFI are available? The main difference between oil cooler type and water-cooled type modules is how they are cooled. Both devices do basically the same job of monitoring several engine parameters to produce accurate output. Oil cooler units tend to be physically larger than water-cooled units, but this isn't always an accurate way to differentiate them since many oil cooler modules are actually water-cooled and vice versa. The type of engine you have, a V6 or a V8, is a good indicator of which one would be the best choice for your vehicle. The DFI module will also depend on the series of your Holden Commodore. The Commodore available in Australia is in various series (VN-VP-VR-VS-VT-VX-VY or VG-VU UTE series). Confirm your series before you shop for a replacement. If unsure, consult a mechanic. ## What do I need to buy? You would need both an ECU and DFI module. The latter is usually sold separately from the former, so make sure they match or at least use the same software version (some cars such as Hondas will only accept their own brand). Remember that certain car manufacturers may not offer these parts separately, so check with local service centres first before looking online. You also have the option of buying a pre-assembled device instead of trying to piece together components yourself. This can be rather expensive. You would also need to get the necessary hardware, wiring, and software to support this device. ## What is the cost of DFI? The average price in Australia for a new Direct Fire Ignition module can range from $500 to $1500, while old second-hand modules are usually available at around $250 to $400. Most are supported with an OEM warranty. You can also buy some aftermarket components on the internet. However, these may or may not be supported by your car's ECU. Check with your mechanic or an authorised service centre first before buying one. The more expensive aftermarket parts tend to have more features than OEM ones though they aren't necessarily better in terms of quality. It is strongly recommended to consult before choosing between an oil or water cooler type. If you choose an oil cooler type and your car has a water cooler type, you will need a new radiator as well since it requires its own cooling system for the oil. ## What are the advantages of DFI? Makers of stand-alone DFI modules say that they offer more accurate data representation over a wider range as compared to the original ECU since their sensors are placed in closer physical proximity to them. This allows you to have more control over your vehicle's performance and even have access to some exclusive features that were only previously available for factory or authorised service centre use. Many users claim that these products also improve fuel economy, prolong engine life by providing better ignition timing and increase horsepower when properly calibrated. Because there is no direct connection between the ECU and injectors, there won't be any conflict when switching between different fuels, including LPG, as is common with multi-point fuel injection systems. ## What are the disadvantages of DFI? The biggest disadvantage is the price, especially if you need to replace a defective module. The stand-alone parts can also make future repairs difficult or expensive if their software cannot be re-flashed. In some cases, reflashing may also require specific hardware and an external computer instead of a laptop since they tend not to have enough processing power for this task. The reviews by Commodore users of the VN-VP-VR-VS-VT-VX-VY or VG-VU UTE and other related series show that this model can fail to fire or stall abruptly without warning or popping out a unit error code. If you're planning to use your vehicle at the track or for racing purposes, these modules will not be as effective as those used by professional drivers using faster vehicles that go beyond 200 km/h. ## What does reflashing a DFI mean? You would need to flash the DFI module with a new software version if it fails to function properly or not at all. Manufacturers of stand-alone modules usually do flash programming services after you send them the defective unit for analysis and diagnosis. Most brands offer this service free of charge though turnaround time can vary depending on their current workload, so give them at least 2 weeks before contacting them again. Many users also prefer to fix their own units by reflashing them themselves using an external computer, laptop, and some free software that can usually be found online. A few hours should be enough for most people even if they have no experience in these types of repairs since it doesn't require any soldering, and pretty much anyone can handle this if they follow the instructions carefully. Issue with your car? Take a look at the Australian Government's [Competition and Consumer Commission](https://www.productsafety.gov.au/products/transport/cars) website for any safety recalls.

How do motorbikes work?

There are many types of motorbikes available, depending on the type of riding you want and your budget. Australians love riding motorbikes on and off the road, with year-on-year sales of road and off-road motorbikes steadily increasing. In 2021, according to the Federal Chamber of Automotive Industries, 53,118 off-road motorbikes were sold, an increase of 18.8 per cent year on year. Some 37,270 road motorbikes were sold in 2021, an increase of 6.8 per cent. A key part of enjoying motorbike riding is staying safe, with many state-led initiatives designed to help both novice and seasoned riders to ride responsibly. The main component that makes motorcycles run is the engine which provides power for the motorbike. It can be either a two-stroke or four-stroke internal combustion engine. This power is then transferred to the rear wheel via a transmission system like a chain or belt, depending on the type of motorcycle you are using. The transmission system will then transfer the power to the rear wheel, which turns it and propels the motorcycle forward. The gasoline engine is the main component that powers a motorcycle via the crankshaft, turning a drive shaft to rotate the rear wheel. Hold the clutch lever to move a stationary motorcycle and engage the first gear. Move up one gear by hitting up the clutch lever once. In conventional motorcycle design, the gear lever and the rear brake lever are operated with the left foot. Several other components are involved in how motorcycles work, including clutches and brakes, suspension systems, gearboxes, fuel injection, and electronic control systems. ## How does a two-stroke engine work? Internal combustion engines generate propulsion power when air and fuel mix are compressed, and a spark plug ignites the mixture. The power generated during combustion pushes the piston connected to a crankshaft in the cylinder head. The piston moves the crankshaft that moves the drive shaft. A two-stroke engine fires one cycle in two strokes (up and down movements) of the piston inside the combustion chamber. Exhaust gas is released via the exhaust valve as waste through the exhaust system. A two strokes engine makes motorcycles very efficient, as less fuel is required to create the power needed to run the engine. The two-stroke engine works by drawing a mixture of air and fuel into the cylinder, where it is compressed. As this mixture is compressed, it mixes with any unburned fuel from the last spark, creating a small explosion that powers the piston up and down. The cycle repeats itself for each stroke of the piston. Each stroke produces rotary motion. ## How do you start a motorcycle engine? You can start the motorcycle in two ways, but always ensure the gear shifter is neutral before doing that. Traditionally, the motorbike engine starts when you hit the kick-start once. This action turns mechanical energy into electrical energy distributed in the electrical system, starting the motorcycle. Nowadays, it's not uncommon to find many bikes with an electric start button. Pushing it once powers up the system and ignites the modern engines. ## What types of motorbikes are there? There are many types of motorbikes available, depending on the type of riding you want and your budget. Some common types include sports bikes, off-road bikes (dirt bikes), touring bikes, cruiser bikes, and scooters. Key considerations include engine size, power and speed, price, fuel economy, comfort, and safety features. Most motorcycles have gasoline engines, except for some phased-out prototypes and designer versions that run on diesel. ## Where can you ride motorbikes off-road in Australia? There are many places in Australia where you can enjoy riding a motorbike off-road, including national parks and forests and some state and regional forests. If you are looking for more challenging off-road terrain, you may also consider exploring some of the many designated trails created specifically for motocross riding. Just make sure that you take the time to research your chosen route before heading out, as some trails may be more advanced than others and require additional safety precautions. ## What does CC mean in motorcycle engines? Cubic centimetres (CC) is a unit used to measure the size of an engine in a motorbike. It refers to the total volume of air-fuel mixture that can be drawn into the cylinder during one complete piston cycle. Generally speaking, the higher the CC rating on a motorcycle engine, the more powerful and faster it will be. However, this also means that these bikes may require more fuel and have lower fuel economy than bikes with smaller engines. And depending on your riding style and preferences, you may want to consider factors like weight and handling when choosing which bike is right for you. ## What is a litre bike? A litre bike is a type of motorcycle with an engine with a displacement size of 1000 cubic centimetres (CC) or greater. These bikes are typically faster and more powerful than smaller motorcycles and are often used for racing and other competitive riding activities. However, they also tend to be more expensive and require more maintenance due to their higher performance capabilities. So if you are looking for something faster, more powerful, affordable, and easy to maintain, other options may better meet your needs. ## Do motorbikes have traction control and ABS? Many modern motorbikes are now equipped with traction control and anti-lock braking systems (ABS) to help improve safety and performance. These features work in conjunction with other safety technologies, such as sensors that monitor wheel speed and vehicle stability, allowing the bike to adjust automatically to road conditions or terrain changes. Some key benefits of traction control and ABS on a motorcycle include better handling, improved acceleration, braking performance, and reduced risk of skidding or sliding out on wet or slick roads. So if you are looking for a bike that offers increased safety while riding at high speeds or off-road, a model with these features may be right for you. The stopping action happens when you pull the brake lever, which transfers brake cable force onto the brake pads or disc. For many decades the motorcycle braking system has relied on drum brakes technology for the front wheel and back wheel. Advances in technology have enabled the integration of disc brakes. In most cases, front brakes have discs for more braking power. In four strokes, high-power motorcycle engines such as sport bikes, disc brakes are also mounted on the rear brake. ## How should I maintain my motorbike? There are a few key steps that you can take to help maintain your motorbike, including performing regular inspections of the engine and other components, keeping the bike clean and free from debris, using high-quality fluids and lubricants, and following the recommended service schedule for your model. Additionally, it is essential to remember that motorbikes require more frequent maintenance than cars due to their higher performance capabilities. So you should always consult your owner's manual or seek advice from a professional mechanic when determining what types of services your bike may need. And if you notice any unusual symptoms or issues with your bike while riding, it is important to address them as soon as possible to avoid more severe problems down the road. Maintaining your motorbike is integral to ensuring that it performs well and lasts many years to come. Taking the time to care for your bike properly and invest in high-quality parts and accessories can help protect your investment while enjoying a safe and enjoyable riding experience. ## How fuel efficient are motorcycles? Motorcycles use much less fuel than cars. This is mainly because motorcycles do not need to move as much mass around as a car does. Another reason for their efficiency is that motorcyclists use higher gears more frequently, reducing the power required to maintain speed. Additionally, motorcycles can often brake and accelerate at greater rates than larger vehicles because there is no significant weight behind them. As a result, motorcyclists have better control over their speed and acceleration when compared with drivers of cars or trucks.

What is a fuel filter?

A fuel filter should be changed from 30-60,000 kilometres for optimal engine health. In theory, running of an engine is as simple as having the correct mix of fuel and air in the piston cylinder. Out of the many factors that limit the efficiency of an engine is having impurities such as water and dirt in the fuel Foreign particles can make their way into a fuel system through the fuel tank or when the fuel was being transported to the pump. A fuel filter cleans off contaminants in the fuel before it is sent to the engine of a car. Fuel filters have a filter that can catch small particles of debris. The fuel filter has a bowl-like design in diesel engines, trapping water at the bottom as it is denser than diesel. ## What are the symptoms of a bad fuel filter? A fuel pump can fail if it is connected to a clogged fuel filter as it has to pump harder to compensate for the clogged filter. A bad fuel filter may allow contaminants to go into the fuel system of a car. A fuel injector can be easily clogged or start leaking because of the impurities in the fuel. Also, water in the fuel may cause corrosion in the fuel system, leading to extensive engine damage. ## How do I know if my fuel filter needs changing? Like all other parts of a vehicle, a bad fuel filter can choke fuel to a car’s engine and can show the following symptoms. - Significant decrease in power in situations with higher load. - Misfiring of the engine on idle. - Stalling of the engine when pressing the accelerator or randomly. - Extended duration of cranking before the engine starts. - Significantly decreased fuel economy. ## How long does a fuel filter last? Ideally, a fuel filter should last for 100,000 kilometres before going bad. But practically, a fuel filter should be changed from 30,000 to 60,000 kilometres for optimal engine health. Anything above 150,000 kilometres for a fuel filter can be very detrimental to the health of an engine.

How Often to Change Fuel Filter?

Not only is the filter liable for accumulating contaminants, it also sustains the condition of the fuel injectors. The fuel filter prevents waste from reaching the engine and stores it all in one place. Typically, replacing your fuel filter every 50,000 km or two years is a smart idea. However, this rule of thumb does not apply to each fuel system, especially when it comes to a newer car model. If you eventually fail to get your filter replaced in the course of necessity, your vehicle may face a significant degree of instability. When the fuel filter's condition worsens, it may often get clogged up or accumulate impurities reducing the engine's overall performance. The fuel filter's position depends on the type of car. Some cars are mounted on the fuel line with fuel filters, whereas some have them in their fuel tank. Wherever your fuel filter is located, it is essential to keep an eye on signs to keep your vehicle reliable. Depending on the filter's position, the fuel filter replacement could cost between $120 and $400. ## How long does a fuel filter last? Just because a [fuel filter](/guides/mechanics/fuel-filter-location) can last 150,000 km doesn't mean you should risk it - once the debris forms a bottleneck at the fuel pump can have serious difficulties. You can always have your mechanic do a fuel pressure test to check whether you should replace your fuel filter or not. It's their job to analyse the amount of PSI the fuel pump generates at the fuel rail. If your car has a faulty fuel filter, it should have pressure produced at a reduced rate. In general, the amount of pressure for a fuel-injected vehicle lies at a range of 30 to 60 PSI. While the owners manual provides detailed information, most manufacturers recommend that the fuel filters be changed every 50,000 km to 100,000 miles. Many mechanics regard this estimation as too lax and, suggest the fuel filter it should be cleaned or replaced every 20,000-50,000 km. ## Symptoms of a faulty fuel filter A number of symptoms can be seen when a [fuel filter](/guides/mechanics/what-is-a-fuel-filter) becomes defective. The most commonly symptom of a defective fuel filter is a problem starting the car. Although a dirty fuel filter can lead to ignition, a totally obstructed filter can cause engine failure. If your car sputters, the fuel filter may have a slight blockage due to impurities or dirt– a warning that it may need a replacement soon. In addition, rust or debris may also clog the fuel filter. ## Where is the fuel filter located in my vehicle? The position of the filter depends on the make and model. Every fuel filter is different. The filter may or may not be part of the integrated fuel pump unit inside the fuel tank of several new models. Generally, the fuel filters are positioned at the apex of a car's fuel system. The outside air is captured and returned by the injector valve, along with part of the fuel. Newer vehicles are fitted with a gas tank filter that can only be replaced when the fuel pump assembly is altered. In other vehicles, the shield outside the tank can be placed on the vehicle frame. Some vehicles are equipped with a fuel filter inside the tank, while others outside the fuel line. In order to find out the answer regarding the location of your fuel filter refer to a manual related to your vehicle. The South Australian state government has a [handy guide to fuel systems](https://www.sa.gov.au/topics/driving-and-transport/vehicles/vehicle-standards-and-modifications/fuel-systems), but check to see if any laws apply to your area.

What is Coolant?

A coolant is a fluid that removes excess heat from an area by absorbing the heat and moving it away from the site where it is being generated. One very common use is regulating the engine temperature of cars. The engine generates lots of heat due to converting chemical energy into motion. To check the coolant, first look in the overflow tank, but you should check if the radiator cap holds enough pressure for more accuracy. Coolant also offers antifreeze protection during cold temperatures. ## How does coolant work? Coolant circulates throughout the engine's cooling system with the help of the water pump. The engine coolant absorbs the heat, and then it's transported away from the engine block to be dissipated. It can be done in various ways, but usually, it just vents out the back of the car. Some systems use fans to blow air over fins on the radiator, cooling the fluid before returning it to the engine. Engine coolant in a car's cooling system is used to provide protection by regulating temperature by allowing heat transfer from the engine to keep your car's engine from overheating. You can do this by pumping the liquid through the engine, where it absorbs heat energy and carries it away to the car's radiator or directly outside of the vehicle. These fluids are typically ethylene glycol-based liquids, although other similar compounds may be used in some vehicles. Most modern automobiles use what's called "passive" cooling systems. These systems are constantly circulating water through small holes in each cylinder head. As each piston rises and falls, that motion forces the fluid into small passages around the cylinders, then drains back into a larger passage at the bottom of each cylinder bore. Each time this happens, more heat is carried away from the piston crowns then transferred, and the engine is cooled. There are different types of engine coolants, but all of them share one important property: they need to withstand high temperatures without breaking down. A coolant or antifreeze should also change the freezing point of the fluid within cooling system. Essentially, there are two kinds of coolants: water-based and oil-based. Water-based liquids contain molecules that can be split apart by heat, whereas the molecules in oil-based liquids are too big to be affected. The key difference between them is that water has a boiling point of 100 degrees Celsius, while ethylene glycol has a boiling point as high as 290 degrees Celsius. This ability allows it to remain stable under much higher pressures and temperatures. Both types of coolant work similarly in heat transfer of excess heat away from sensitive equipment before it becomes a problem. ## Can you use water instead of coolant? Straight water can be used as a coolant in your engine's cooling system, but it's not recommended for most applications as pure water boils at 100 degrees Celsius. Ethylene glycol is a better choice because it can withstand much higher temperatures without breaking down. ## What are the different types of coolants? There are a wide array of coolants, but all of them share one common property: they need to withstand high temperatures without breaking down. Water is a popular choice for this reason, as is ethylene glycol (the main ingredient in antifreeze). Other fluids can also be used, but they need to meet specific criteria to be effective. Oil-based coolants are generally used in industrial applications, where equipment needs to remain running under high temperatures and pressures. They're also a good choice for vehicles that use diesel engines, as these engines produce a great deal of heat Water-based coolants are more common than oil-based ones, and they work by using molecules that can be split apart by heat. This ability allows them to absorb more heat before boiling and become less effective. You can also classify coolants with organic acid technology or inorganic acid technology. ## How do you choose the right coolant? The best way to choose the right coolant is to consult with the specific manufacturer of the equipment you're using. Doing this ensures you get corrosion protection for the system components resulting from using the wrong coolant. ## What type of coolant is used in most vehicles? Ethylene glycol-based liquids are typically used in the cooling circuit of most vehicles, although some cars may use similar compounds made from propylene glycol instead (which can withstand higher temperatures). These fluids are considered to be very safe from component damage and reliable. However, you can get specialised additives for different types of vehicles. Coolant is ideal for keeping engine temperature normal, especially when under loads like when the [air conditioner is on](/guides/car-air-conditioning/how-does-car-air-conditioning-work). ## Is it better to use a pre-mixed coolant or mix it yourself? It's usually recommended that you buy pre-mixed coolant for proper protection, as the combination has been thoroughly tested for maximum effectiveness. If you choose to make your mixture, you'll need to follow certain proportions. It's also important not to leave any residue when draining the liquid from the system. It could cause damage and lead to a malfunctioning coolant system. ## What is the difference between a water-based and oil-based coolant? Water-based coolants contain molecules that can be split apart by heat, whereas the molecules in oil-based liquids are too big to be affected. Although they work the same way, the key difference between them is that water has a boiling point of 100 degrees Celsius, while ethylene glycol can boil at as high as 290 degrees Celsius. This quality allows it to remain stable under much higher pressures and temperatures. ## What is the right coolant for your vehicle? Consult your vehicle manufacturers to see what type of coolant it uses. If you're not sure, avoid using the wrong coolant. A mechanic will be able to recommend a coolant designed to meet all of your needs without causing corrosion damage that is compatible with your vehicle. ## Do different cars need different coolants? There is no one-size-fits-all answer to this question, as each car will have its own specific needs. However, most cars use ethylene glycol-based liquids as coolants, so it's a good place to start. ## How often should you change your car's coolant? The frequency of coolant changes for your car depends on the type of coolant it uses and the conditions you drive. It's recommended that you change the coolant every two years or 50,000 km. ## What are the dangers of using the wrong type of coolant? Using an incorrect coolant in your car can cause engine damage and corrosion of other components such as the radiator. A damaged or badly corroded radiator is likely caused by plugging internal deposits. It can also reduce the performance of the cooling system and cause overheating. Make sure to consult with your mechanic, car manufacturer or [car airconditioning expert](/guides/car-air-conditioning/who-fixes-car-air-conditioners) to determine which type of coolant is right for your vehicle. Consumer Affairs Victoria has a handy guide to understanding and following a [good car maintenance schedule](https://www.consumer.vic.gov.au/cars/maintenance-and-repairs/maintaining-your-car).

What is a synchromesh gearbox?

A synchromesh gearbox ensures a smooth transmission of engine power to the wheels. Synchromesh transmission is a gearbox system that has synchroniser rings which makes switching gears in manual transmission easier. It enables gear switching without the need to manually match different gear speeds. Before technological development in the manual transmission gearbox, drivers had to master rev-matching technical know-how and the art of double clutching for an efficient gear change. There are teeth on the outer part of the gears that facilitate smooth transmission of engine power to the wheels. If the teeth are not in sync during gear change, it will result into crunching that leads to [damage and mechanical expense.](/guides/mechanics/gearbox-replacement-cost-australia) Synchromesh regulates the speeds of the gears to facilitate flawless gear teeth meshing during transmission. When speeds are in sync the teeth to mesh effectively for a seamless gear shift. ## What is the advantage of a synchromesh gearbox? Before the invention of the synchromesh drivers had to learn and master the skill of matching gear speeds for flawless gear shifting. The introduction of synchromesh has reduced vibration and enabled faster gear shifting which allows for a smooth drive. ## What is a non synchromesh gearbox? Non synchromesh is a type of gearbox transmission that is entirely based on gears which do not use synchronisers - the driver has to skilfully engage the gears when their speed is at par. Non synchromesh transmissions are widely used in big commercial vehicles and agricultural machinery. To drive a non synchronous type of vehicle, you need have mastered well the application of declutching for it to work well when shifting gears. In most cases, non synchronous transmissions have clutch brake systems which reduces the speed of input shaft that helps to switch to neutral when in a standstill. The clutch brake can also help stop moving into gear prior to realising the clutch pedal. Even with the introduction of synchronised gearbox systems, non synchronised gearbox vehicles are still widely used globally. For example, heavy commercial vehicles including heavy trucks. Most of the agricultural machinery are also non synchronous. Motorcycles and some of the high-end racing cars also use unsynchronised systems. This is because, [unsynchronised manual systems](/guides/auto-gearboxes/sequential-gearbox-price) are less susceptible to breakdowns. Additionally, it is quicker to switch gears on unsynchronised car as compared to the synchronised one. A gearbox that needs you to match the speed of the engine with that of the driveshaft is non synchronous. ## What's the difference between non synchro, synchromesh and auto gearboxes in trucks? These are the main gearbox types that are commonly used in trucks and heavy vehicles. Amongst the non synchro gearboxes, road ranger is the most common one. Non synchro gearbox simply means, when you want to switch gears as you drive, the engine pace should match that of the road for efficient gear switching. This can also be referred to as double clutching. More heavy vehicles are being manufactured with automatic systems. It's simply an automated system in the car which shifts selected gears within the gearbox. Even though car gear shifting process has really been revolutionised, non synchronised ones are still being embraced among the diverse vehicle models across the world.

Reconditioned gearbox price

The major perk of replacing your gearbox with a reconditioned one is the price. There are many shops specialising in reconditioned gearboxes and even though they might not always have a gearbox to fit in your vehicle, they can use their contacts in the auto repair industry to find one quickly. You would have to pay approximately $1000-1500 for a refurbished gearbox on average. On top of that you will have to pay installation and labour costs. ## Are reconditioned gearboxes any good? Refurbished gearboxes are great and even stand out against some brand new gearboxes. Even if the price of a reconditioned gearbox may be reduced, it definitely doesn't mean that you get less service or product quality. Despite being reconditioned, most shops can offer you a 12-month extensive warranty on all clutch and gearbox work. You can check the terms and conditions page from your manufacturer or call them for complete warranty conditions. You may want to purchase a second-hand gear box for a couple of hundred dollars, but most often the risk of buying a second-hand gear box is not worth it, as it will cost you a lot for its further refurbishment. These don't come with a warranty too. ## What is a gearbox refurbishment? A lot of work goes into reconditioning a gearbox including cleaning out and replacing required components that has either suffered wear and tear or any other sort of damage. These units still contain used parts, but they can outlive the vehicle's service life. The gearbox refurbishment is carried out with the complete dismantling of the gearbox. After the evaluation, all the used components are replaced. Gears, gaskets/sticks or other defective mechanical parts are repackaged and reproduced in case they are commercially unavailable. Finally, the last test is performed to verify its performance and function after the assembly of the gearbox. ## Do I buy a reconditioned or brand new gearbox? The major perk of [replacing your gearbox](/guides/mechanics/gearbox-replacement-cost-australia) with a reconditioned one is the price. They offer you excellent reliability without the price label of a new unit. The majority of times, using a reconditioned gearbox is a more economical yet practical route to take in order to save some bucks and yield great results. Despite being reconditioned, these gearboxes are in no way of low quality. The specification and components of reconditioned gearbox even closely match those from a primary manufacturer.

Timing belt replacement cost

A car engine can start to stall or fail completely if the timing belt is worn out or broken. The initial cost of a timing belt installed in a car starts from around $500, but it can reach up to $1,500 or more depending on the work involved and state of other components. Under normal circumstances, replacing a timing belt should not take more than two hours but it depends on the vehicle age, make, model and availability of spare parts. ## What is a timing belt? A timing belt is a strong rubber strap with teeth on the inner side. It is considered similar to a timing chain but there are a few differences between them. A timing belt is relatively durable, lighter, less expensive, and quieter than a timing chains. The belt is installed under the timing cover, which is in front of the engine. It connects to the engine’s cam and crankshaft. The teeth of the belt are responsible for the movement of these components. In some cars a timing belt can drive other components of the engine such as a water pump, balance shaft, [air conditioning system](/guides/air-conditioning/car-air-conditioning-regas-cost) and many more components. The timing belt is responsible for the synchronisation of the the crankshaft and camshaft’s rotation. This allows the engine’s valves to open and shut properly at the correct time to facilitate a proper mixture of air and fuel to enter the cylinders. ## What are the signs of a bad timing belt? Common signs of a bad timing belt include: ### Unusual sounds from the engine A bad timing belt will produce a ticking sound that can be heard when the engine is running. The ticking sound might indicate low oil pressure but in case the oil pressure is normal, the bad timing belt is probably the culprit. ### Flashing check engine light The car’s “check engine” light can start flashing and in most cases, this is caused by a failing timing belt. Alternatively, it can point out problems with the camshaft or crankshaft correlation code. ### Misfiring The timing belt co-ordinates the camshaft and crankshaft to allow air and fuel to enter the cylinders. If the timing belt is broken, it will cause desynchronised cylinders. As a result the car might start hard, or misfire. ### Loss of power or the car moves roughly The car will start to move roughly due to improper engine operation and the engine can start to stall or fail often if the teeth of the timing belt are worn out and or broken. This can cause the gears of the crankshaft and camshaft to slip on the timing belt, causing the engine to fail or malfunction. ## What is the average life of a timing belt? Timing belts are expected to last for 7 to 10 years or up to 100,000km,depending on manufacturer recommendations. According to some manufacturers, driving more than 80,000km on a genuine timing belt must be avoided and checking every few years or 60,000kms is a good rule of thumb. However, the recommended interval for replacing the timing belt is somewhat different. Car owners must ensure inspection and or replacement (if necessary) of the timing belt once every 5 years or after every 50,000 miles. If the timing belt is attached to many other components such as the water pump it can break down sooner than expected. ## Timing belt replacement process A professional mechanic in a workshop has a proper timing belt replacement kit that contains all the important tools required to replace the timing belt. Any installed accessories are removed so that the timer belt cover becomes accessible. The cover or shroud is removed to make the timing belt accessible - the belt is removed along with the tensioner and the idler pulleys. The mechanic will inspect and replace the water pump (if needed). The timing belt is then replaced. If required, the idler pulleys and tensioner are serviced and or replaced as well. If required, the cooling system is serviced as it can cause the timing belt to worn out sooner. ## What is included in timing belt service? Ideally, the water pump is changed along with the timing belt because it usually fails after 200,000km. Many workshop mechanics recommend changing the water pump during timing belt replacement. The mechanic will replace or service the idler pulleys and tensioners. These parts have grooves that get worn out over repeated use, which can damage the new belt much sooner. It is advisable to replace these parts as well. If required, the mechanic may oil or grease the parts wherever necessary as a part of servicing. Some workshops do not provide a warranty on the timing belt unless you get all these parts replaced. These parts will be costlier if bought separately. They can be bought cheaper by buying a timing belt kit from a workshop.

How to spray two pack paint

The most important part of applying two pack paint is performing proper mixing before the paint even touches the surface. Two pack paints come in two types - solid and clear types. Solid is usually applied on a primed surface to achieve a colourful finish and the clear variant is usually applied over a wall surface or material surface to give a metallic, acrylic, or glossy look. Both types of to pack paints are applied over a surface almost similarly. The solid two pack paint consists of two pack paint colour, reducer and hardener. The clear consists of two pack clear coat, two pack hardener and two pack reducer. After pouring the blend into the paint sprayer (for both clear and solid), you should remove any paint stains from the tip of the sprayer to avoid losing the quality of hue you require. The final step for both clear and solid paint is the application and it's done coat after coat (usually 5 - 10 minutes of waiting after a coat) until all parts of the surface are even. ## Is it safe to spray two pack paints at home? Spraying double pack paint in a more enclosed place such as a room in your house can be detrimental to your health if not enough safety measures are taken. When handling two pack paint equipment, you need to know the risks involved. Two pack paints are isocyanates and contain lots of toxic substances such as epoxy, polyurethane, base components in addition to catalysts and hardeners. Two pack paints can harm during the setup stage, the painting and clean up. Exposure to any of the toxic substances can lead to major illnesses like asthma, lung cancer, neurotoxicity, kidney and nervous system damage and so on. The list is quite long. So when you consider going through with using a double pack spray paint at home or in a garage there are certain safety measures to be met. A good PPE should be worn properly along with complete protective gear to reduce the risk of inhaling any hazardous fumes and chemicals. Goggles for eye protection are needed. Ideally you need a spray booth. Fans should be set up so that toxic fumes can be pushed out of the building. Protection should be a priority as early as before setting up the blend and even during the clean-up stage. ## At what pressure do you spray two pack paint? Is it an HVLP (high volume low pressure) or an LVLP (low volume low pressure) spray? An HVLP is quite common in today's market due to its many advantages such as its efficiency and the ability to control your spraying. Over-spraying can be avoided and you get to enjoy a better flow out. This is possible because an HVLP spray gun can use 10 - 14 scfm at 40 psi. So, for solid colour two pack paint, it's best to go at 26 - 29 psi. While for the clear variant, 28 - 29 Psi will suffice as it offers a smoother flow out. Another model you can consider is the low volume low pressure (LVLP) spray paint equipment. Which is intended to make your spraying experience a lot easier and less smudgy and this is possible because such equipment requires less effort than the HVLP. Just 10 - 15psi is enough for the solid two pack paint. And 20 - 25 psi for the clear paint. ## How do you apply two pack paint? The most important part of applying 2k paint is performing proper mixing before the paint even touches the wall or the object you wish to coat. The results from the disproportionate two pack paint blend include: - Stickiness. - Uneven gloss. - Delamination. - Blooming. The best way to achieve an even mix of two pack paint on a molecular level is to put each mix of equal proportions (paint colour/clear coating, reducer, and hardener) in separate containers and then blend (a power mixer is advised). After successfully mixing the two pack paint, the next important substance to work with is the primer. There various types of primers, each for a specific surface. For instance, there's the etching primer which works great with two pack paint on a metal surface or over any painted surface (wall or car). Just like the sandable primers and the epoxy primer, which can be applied to any surface. Once the primer is applied on the wall or any surface you wish to coat then the application should commence. It's best to use a spray paint gun with the appropriate psi as this can give you the best result. But if such a method is deemed too hazardous and you require protection, then go for a roller paintbrush. Although the job of painting evenly would be strenuous given it's less precise than spray painting. ## Do you need clear coat with two pack paint? Adding a clear paint to two pack paint improves the overall paint job. After all, the major reason why clear paints are usually added to two pack paint such as direct gloss is to give it more depth as it ensures it flows out better and it becomes easier to polish on. The reason why it's easier to polish is that adding a clear coat affects the curing of the paint. This process will make the paint a lot softer to work with and in turn, the paint will take quite a while to cure because you're altering the state of the paint.

Gearbox replacement cost Australia

Replacing a gearbox is not a simple task - for many with parts on hand it is a full day's work. The expense of gearbox transmission repair varies for different vehicle but it is expensive - $1,000 to $5,000 if you are going to completely replace your gearbox. ## How much does a manual gearbox cost? Vehicles equipped with manual gearbox are technically easier to maintain and repair because they are relatively less complicated than an automatic gearbox. An automatic gearbox is complex and has several components which need to operate in harmony to run smoothly. The cost of a manual gearbox largely depends on technical faults as well as a car. The main cost of repairs or replacing a manual gearbox is labour cost. If a mechanic detects a significant fault then it may take many hours. Mechanics charge different amounts to replace a transmission. The price of manual transmission replacement ranges from $1,500 to $3,000 for a common car. However, the cost related to removing and reinstalling transmission depends on technical faults, car, and the time required for reinstalling it. You may be able to find a [reconditioned gearbox](/guides/mechanics/reconditioned-gearbox-price) through your mechanic. Some manufactures offer a warranty on transmission. ## How long does it take to replace a gearbox? Your transmission is one of the key elements of your vehicle and replacing your transmission is tricky. It may take roughly 8 to 10 hours to completely remove the gearbox and then reinstall it. Firstly, the mechanic will need to disconnect the battery and electric wires that are located near the gearbox then remove the transmission fluid from the car. Then the mechanic will disconnect the speedo cable to get the gearbox ready for total removal. Finally, they will remove it from the car and then reinstall the new gearbox. ## How long does a gearbox last? The lifespan of transmission depends on many factors, some car may go up up to 200,000 km without issue. Three key factors add to the deterioration of the gearbox. [Sequential gearboxes](/guides/auto-gearboxes/sequential-gearbox-price), used under extreme conditions, require regular attention. ### Road conditions Road conditions and hazards can affect the longevity of transmission. ### Driving habits Driving habits have a great impact on the lifespan of transmission. If you are accelerating rapidly and applying a quick and brake hard, it may result in wearing out the transmission too early. ### Lubrication The type of fluid or oil used in a vehicle can also affect how long the transmission will last.

Fuel filter location

Fuel filters work by collecting impurities and particles in your gasoline or diesel fuel before they enter your engine The fuel filter is a very important part of your car and is designed to collect small dirt and debris in the fuel line before it can adversely affect your engine. The fuel filter is located usually either inside the fuel tank or into the fuel line (between the tank and the pump). ## How do you know if your fuel filter is bad? The first sign of a bad filter is difficulty starting your vehicle. Notice how your car starts. A car with a clogged [fuel filter](/guides/mechanics/what-is-a-fuel-filter) starts harder. This is because such a filter restricts the flow of fuel to your engine, and the engine runs poorly. Another sign of a damaged filter is an increase in fuel consumption. With a clogged filter, your motor works harder to keep the car moving, so fuel consumption is higher. Your engine power is reduced when it is under an increased load when driving fast, for example. A clogged filter can cause the engine to stall when the engine is under additional stress. This can happen, for example, when going uphill or when speeding up. A [bad fuel filter](/guides/mechanics/how-often-to-change-fuel-filter) causes the pump to run harder, but the problem is bigger if it damages the pump. If your pump runs too hard, it may break down, and changing the filter will not solve the problem in the fuel system. ## Can I change my fuel filter myself? You can change your car's fuel filter yourself, but first, read the instructions below before deciding if you want to do it yourself. Firstly, relieve the pressure in your fuel line. To do this, you need to leave the vehicle running without the fuel pump by removing the pump fuse. If you don't know where is located your fuse, refer to your owner's manual. Start the vehicle, leave it in park and let it run for a moment to get rid of pressure and fuel debris in the fuel line. Switch off the engine, then replace the fuel pump fuse. Disconnect the battery under the car hood. To make sure, take the cable from the negative terminal. Using a flat-head screwdriver, carefully remove the clips holding the filter. If they break, make sure you have replacement clips with the new filter. Now, remove the fuel line from the filter. Carefully direct the lines towards the refuelling container. Connect the fuel lines to the front and back of your fuel filter, then fasten them back in place with the clips. After replacing the filter, you need to start the motor to check for leaks around the filter. But before you turn it on, make sure the parking brake is applied, and make sure the vehicle is parked or in neutral.

LED vs Halogen Fog Lights

Yellow fog lights provide the best experience because yellow penetrates fog better than white light. Fog lights installed in front of the vehicle enhance your visibility to oncoming drivers and rear fog lights increase visibility to drivers approaching the vehicle from behind. Whether your light source is an LED bulb, HID, or halogens, the best lights should cut the glare and aid your driving. Yellow fog lights provide the best experience because yellow penetrates fog better than white light. There are two types of fog lamps used in automobiles, halogen, and LED (fibre optic). Both have their advantages and disadvantages, but each type has its own distinct look. Some claim LED fog lights offer better illumination. Others say it looks too bright and draws too much power. ## Halogen type fog light The type of bulb used to manufacture a fog light can affect its colour and its performance: while LED bulbs come in different colours (including white, red, and yellow), halogen bulbs can only produce yellowish-white light. Halogen fog lamps also have a shorter lifespan than their LED counterparts, as well as lower light output. Another drawback is that they draw more power from the car's battery, which may cause it to drain faster. Halogen light bulbs are made of a quartz glass tube with inert gas inside to prevent oxidation. Halogen lights are filled with electric current carrying tungsten filament wire that emits light when it heats up. The heat causes electrons in the metal to move quickly and collide with atoms in the gas inside the halogen bulbs, causing them to emit light. ## LED type fog light LED fog lights are more expensive than halogen types but often last longer. They also have a brighter output and draw less battery power from your car. LED fog lights typically come in white or yellowish-whitish colours. Blue is another colour that can be used, but it's not recommended because blue LEDs can cause decreased visibility when driving at night. Another benefit of LED bulbs is the fact they produce very little heat, so there's less strain on the vehicle's components. Some people claim LED fog lights produce too much light resulting in driver distraction which may put them in danger while driving after dusk or during inclement weather. LED lights also have more applications because of their different colour configurations Often they are used as [driving lights and fog lights](/guides/mechanics/driving-lights-vs-fog-lights). ## Is it worth replacing halogen with LED? Halogen bulbs are standard in most vehicles. So, while contrasting LED vs halogen fog lights, is a shift worth it? LED lights are the best choice if you're looking to upgrade your vehicle's lighting system. For one, LED lights don't draw too much power from your car's battery resulting in longer battery life. LED bulbs also last longer than halogen ones. The colour of an LED bulb tends to be purer and brighter compared to halogen counterparts which are yellowish-white because it emits light at a higher purity level. Halogen lights are cheaper to replace, but they don't last too long. Halogens also draw more power from your car's battery resulting in shorter battery life. ## Can I install new bulbs myself? You can get the best lighting for your vehicle by changing the bulbs. Some bulbs are very easy to change and only take a few minutes to complete. In some cases, it's usually as simple as pushing in and turning counter-clockwise to remove the old bulb and pushing in and turning clockwise to install the new one. If you have any difficulties changing your headlights or bulbs to your brake lights, we encourage you to have an expert mechanic perform this procedure for you. An HID kit is, however, a bit more complex to install than the traditional vehicle bulb. Connecting the ballast to the wiring system of the vehicle is not straightforward. Contact a qualified vehicle electrician for this work. Under no circumstances should you ever touch a halogen bulb with your bare fingers. Doing so could affect the performance of the halogen bulb by transferring oils from your skin to the glass. Another vital point is that if the headlights or [daytime running lights](/guides/mechanics/what-are-daytime-running-lights) appear dim after changing a bulb, there may be another problem present - such as electrical problems or another malfunction such as a burned-out fuse. After successfully installing new bulbs, adjust the position of the lights relative to the ground so that the high beams and low beams do not become a nuisance to other drivers. ## What are HID (High-Intensity Discharge) bulbs? [HID (High-Intensity Discharge)](/guides/mechanics/led-vs-hid-driving-lights) lights are a type of headlight that uses a xenon gas-filled tube, which is essentially an empty light bulb filled with the gas and two electrodes. When ignition voltage is applied to the electrodes, it creates an electrical arc between them and excites xenon gas atoms in the tube to emit ultra-bright visible white light. ## Are HID bulbs legal in Australia? You can install HID bulbs in your headlights if they are approved for road use. The types of HIDs typically used on cars are 5000K or 6000K, but there are now 3000K and 8000K available as well. You can install any type of HID headlight bulbs as long as they cast a bright white light, have the correct wattage, and are DOT-approved. Bulbs that cast a blue or purple light may not be street-legal in some states because these colours may dazzle drivers of oncoming traffic. HIDs are very bright and powerful headlights that produce an intense light that allows the driver to see much clearer while driving at night. The beam pattern and amount of light cast by HID lights are also more concentrated, so there is no loss of visibility when compared to standard halogen bulbs. Another great benefit is their intensity compared to a regular headlight bulb. It takes a lot more voltage to power up a halogen bulb, whereas an HID bulb only needs 12 volts. HIDs are heavier compared to halogen or LED fog light bulbs. This is because of the external ballast component that controls the voltage entering the bulbs. ## What is the difference between halogen bulbs and HIDs? HIDs vary from halogen bulbs in three ways, outlined below. - The light is brighter and whiter. - HIDs burn hotter than halogens, which causes the glass to get hotter. - They require a ballast to regulate voltage, which complicates installation. ## What are xenon bulbs? Xenon lights are a type of HID headlight that uses xenon gas-filled tubes instead of metal halide tubes used by standard HID headlights. These types of headlights commonly have a blue colour output when compared to other LED headlights. There are several major differences between Xenons and regular HIDs: - They provide a brighter light output with less power consumption because it uses a smaller xenon gas-filled tube. - They have a longer life span of approximately 8,000 hours. - Ballasts are not required for installation. Xenon bulbs use xenon gas for whiteness and brightness due to a more precise "mixture" of colours being emitted from the light source. Xenons also burn much cooler than regular HID lights. Since they run at lower temperatures, their lifespan is significantly improved, lasting roughly 8 times as long as regular HID lights. In addition, since there are no ballasts or igniters needed for installation, these types of headlights are easier to install than other types of LED headlights on the market today. As such, car manufacturers have replaced halogen bulbs with xenon types in most vehicles today. Make sure you don't accessories with tinted headlight covers. Find out more on the [Australian Competition and Consumer Commission](https://www.productsafety.gov.au/product-safety-laws/safety-standards-bans/product-bans/tinted-headlight-covers) website.

What are Daytime Running Lights?

Daytime running lights (DRL) are the small lighting elements in the front and back of a vehicle that turn on automatically when you start your car. Although they don't provide enough light for driving, they help other drivers notice your vehicle and prevent accidents especially at dawn and dusk, or during foggy conditions. Motorbikes often also have DRLs. This enables them to have a smaller chance of being involved in collisions by increasing their visibility to other road users. ## How do Daytime Running Lights work? DRLs come in various forms, but generally, they're either: - Bright LEDs that turn on when you start the engine. LED daytime running lights combined with a sensor that turns them on at dusk and off at dawn. When it's particularly dark or foggy outside, your DRLs may stay on for longer than usual. - Yellow light visible is an alternative to white daytime running lights. The wiring is similar to that of LEDs. They should run even when the headlights are turned off and should not exceed 25W power. The safety benefits of daytime running lights on a dull day with reduced visibility are clear in road safety practices. The lights serve as an indicator to other road users of your presence so they can avoid hitting you. The accepted colour of daytime running lights is a white or yellow light. ## Benefits of daytime running lights European studies suggest that using other road users' headlights could reduce accidents by up to 10%. This is because other drivers can identify the vehicle earlier, increase their awareness of it, and subsequently decrease their likelihood of being involved in an accident with the car. ## Are there any disadvantages to daytime running lights? Sometimes DRLs are excessively bright for motorists who are driving at dusk or dawn. They may cause glare for oncoming traffic. This is why many cars have a control where you can adjust the angle of the lights, depending on whether they're pointing at. However, most modern headlights are fitted with technology to prevent this from happening. Generally, they either have a shield built in front of them that directs light away from other road users' eyes. Otherwise, sensors will detect oncoming traffic and automatically turn down the brightness of your DRLs to prevent dazzling oncoming traffic. ## Will they drain my car battery? Manufacturers have minimised this problem by using small batteries to power DRLs rather than drawing energy from your [car's electrical system](/guides/mechanics/what-car-battery-do-i-need). If you leave your lights on when parking, then you may find that there isn't enough charge to start the engine again - but the same would be true for any electrical device that stays turned on when your car is turned off, like a satellite navigation unit. ## Can I turn them off? If you choose not to use DRLs, then there are two ways of disabling them. You can have all your lights manually turned off every time you park your car. Alternatively, some vehicles allow you to disable DRLs via a switch, [like a bimodal exhaust](/guides/mufflers-exhausts/how-does-a-bimodal-exhaust-work). Remember, if the use of daytime running light car features is a legal requirement in your area, then technically, it's illegal not to use them when driving. If stopped by police, you may be fined. However, losing points is much less serious than being involved in an accident that can lead to serious injuries due to lack of visibility, so it's probably best just to fit DRLs and keep on the right side of the law. ## Do I need to activate my daytime running lights? No. If your car is compatible with the DRL system, you don't have to do anything. The system is either standard or optional for most new cars, and it's also very common on older cars as well. The only reason why you'd want to check if your vehicle has DRLs is because if it doesn't, it could be unsafe in certain conditions. ## Alternatives to daytime running lights Studies have shown that DRLs are better at increasing visibility. They light up with minimal glare than alternatives such as 'parking lights' or leaving your main headlights on at all times. If you're concerned about the safety of other road users, then fitting DRLs is probably your safest bet. ## What globes can I get for daytime running lights? - Daytime Running Lights (DRLs) are usually fitted with either H1 or H7 globes. - H1 wattage - 55W (for vehicles with high/low beam together in one bulb). - H7 wattage - 55W (for vehicles with separate front and rear lights). There is no difference in the performance of the H1 and H7 bulbs for your car if they're just used as your DRL. However, if you choose to drive with your DRLs on at night, then the higher wattage will be better for seeing further down the road than a lower-wattage bulb would be. This is because brighter light allows you to see objects more clearly, especially when they are far away. In new vehicles, LED technology in daytime running lamps is increasingly replacing the globes. LED daytime running lights yield brighter white light. In general, LED provides a sharper high beam. Daytime running lights are required in some places, so you'd either have to switch them on every time your car is parked or fit globes that are brighter than standard if you want to use them when driving. In some Nordic countries, daytime running lights are a legal requirement for light trucks and passenger cars. Even if their use is not a standard safety regulation in your area, the use of your car's daytime running light provision increases your safety and that of other road users. If your vehicle is not installed with the LED DRLs for daytime use, most drivers agree it is safer to use the low beam headlights or parking lamps in low light conditions than driving blind. Using lights during the day as a precaution makes it easy to get noticed by pedestrians, cyclists, and drivers of other vehicles. ## How do I know which bulbs my daytime running light vehicle takes? It's best to check with your manufacturer/workshop manual for this information, but most vehicles with DRLs take H1 or H7 low-beam bulbs. If they're high/low beam headlights together, then they will likely be 55W (for example, 9005). If they're separate front and rear lights, usually the rear is 35W (such as 9012), and the fronts are 55W (9006). You can get whatever globes you want, but if your car is European and has DRLs, there's a strong likelihood it will take either H1 or H7 low-beam globes. ## Are DRLs and fog lights the same? No. If your car has fog lights, they will usually be a different colour to the DRLs and may not come on when you switch on your daytime running lights. Typically, daytime running lights come on automatically when the vehicle ignition is on. If you turn the fog lights or the low beams on, daytime running lights switch off. ## How many watts do I need for my DRL globes? In most cases, cars with daytime running lights use either 55W or 35W low-beam headlight bulbs as their DRLs . These numbers represent the wattage that is used by the low-beam globes. If you're fitting a higher-wattage bulb for DRLs, then it's important to remember that this will also make your headlights brighter at night, which could be dangerous if other road users can't see you from far away. The South Australian State Government has a handy guide to [standards around vehicle lighting](https://www.sa.gov.au/topics/driving-and-transport/vehicles/vehicle-standards-and-modifications/lighting-and-instrumentation), however check with your local area.

Are Car Batteries 12v?

The electricity in a 12v car battery is only enough to cause a small electric spark to the engines and power up the accessories and part. A 12 volts car battery is the norm. Most lead acid batteries are actually around 12.8-12.9V when measured with a voltmeter, but that variance is due to different ratings of the battery. An automotive battery is composed of 6-12 cells (at least in the case of lead-acid). The required voltage is achieved by a correct ratio of sulfuric acid in the battery. To achieve 12 volts, 35 percent of sulfuric acid is mandatory. Changing the quantity of sulfuric acid changes voltage. Each cell of the battery is 2.1v (nominal) when fully charged. So the voltage of a battery is determined by summing all of those voltages together. ## Why is a car battery only 12 volts? A 12 volt battery is used mostly because it's a convenient size for standard electrical components found in cars. The most common voltage in an automotive battery is 12v because that's the size of the small motor found inside starters and alternators (which actually produce electricity when cranking). A 12 volt battery also allows you to utilise very thin, low resistance wire, which makes the wiring components easier than in a battery with higher voltage systems. The size of the car's battery is dependent on the components installed in your vehicle, which also dictate the amount of power it can produce. ## Are all 12v car batteries the same? All vehicle batteries are not the same but they have some similarities. All batteries have their output and service life measured in amperage, and the actual "power" or amount of watt-hours that it can produce is measured in volts. Batteries are rated based on how many times they can be recharged before dying out. There are three different types or categories. They vary in cells quantity as well. ### Regular car batteries These usually die after about 300 cycles. ### Deep cycle batteries These are usually used in high-performance applications where the battery is constantly being discharged, [such as RVs and boats](/guides/mechanics/marine-battery-vs-car-battery). These can run between 400-1000+ cycles before dying out, and that's the reason they're deep cycles. They're also known as lead-acid battery. Every lead-acid battery is a deep cycle rechargeable battery. This type of lead-acid battery needs water input on a regular basis. ### Gel cell batteries These batteries have a gel-filled electrolyte instead of liquid to prevent spillage during charging and discharging. The advantages are that they can handle more charge/discharge cycles than regular car batteries before dying out, but there is some debate over whether it makes them last longer or not over time due to the fact that they cannot accept as much charge. ### Absorbed glass mat batteries (AGM) These batteries are similar to gel-cell, but instead of glass wool, there is a fibreglass matting between the layers of electrolyte inside the battery. These can handle [even more cycles](/guides/mechanics/car-battery-vs-deep-cycle-battery) than regular car batteries before dying out. ## How long does a 12V car battery last? The life expectancy (power) of a car's battery is dependent on how much you utilise it. The better quality the alternator, the less strain your car will be put under while running every day for long periods of time with multiple electrical devices hooked up at once. A battery may last anywhere from 2-5 years before dying out. Most individuals say that if you drive your vehicle daily, it's best to change your battery around 3 years after purchasing it. If you only use your vehicle weekly or monthly, then that window extends to about 5 years without needing maintenance on the battery. Check the pricing and rating on the engine battery. ## How do I test my 12V car battery? To test your car's battery, you need some tools. For example, you can use a voltmeter (to test the voltage) or an amp/hour meter. ### Amp hour meter This is what most battery professionals will use to test the health, battery capacity, performance and power of your battery since it takes into account several factors affecting its lifespan. ### Voltmeter This is the most common method used at home. Voltage test of your car battery can be taken anywhere from 12.4 to 14.2 volts (when fully charged). Put in the key and try the ignition in a series or a chain. If it doesn't crank up the engine, change the battery. ## How do you charge a 12v car battery? The best way to charge your car's battery is with automatic battery charger products and jumper cable (multiple jumper cables by clamping them to the charging system), which should be used after each extended period of non-use or storage of your vehicle (or if you experience difficulties in starting your engine). You don't need additional products. A manual charger must be plugged into a power outlet of the vehicles and attached directly to the battery terminal of the vehicles through alligator clips while cranking the ignition on (start the engine) to start charging the vehicles' battery. These charger products give the correct required voltage output. ## Can you be electrocuted by a 12 volt car battery? Yes, but not unless it is punctured and you are touching it. The electricity in a 12 volt car battery whose power and voltage is only enough to cause a small electric shock to the engines and power up the accessories and parts (accessories such as lights and horn) of the cars, which is why people have been known to static shock themselves by simply touching the clamps (battery plates or cable connections) with their hands. The products have chemical energy which is turned into electrical energy upon ignition through a chemical reaction. The reaction here takes place inside the sealed pack. While it is not possible to be electrocuted by a car battery, you may experience serious burns if you spill the acid on yourself while working on your car and do not get medical attention immediately after. So don't put your life in danger. Keep the battery in a battery box. If the hydrogen gas leaks, it may cause an explosion. Depending on how much acid was spilled, there could be residual damage even after you wash off any residue that remained. Wear protective clothing whenever performing maintenance work in this regard just as a precaution.

Frequently Asked Questions

Can mechanics provide a roadworthy certificate?

If they are an Authorised Inspection Scheme station in NSW or an Approved Inspection Station in QLD, then yes, they can.

Are mechanics open on weekends?

It depends on the workshop however you can find a mechanic open on weekends near you on Localsearch by filtering your search.

Do I need to make an appointment for a mechanic?

Most mechanical workshops run on a by-appointment basis. If you need urgent services, your best bet is to call your local mechanic before visiting.

Can I bring my own parts to a mechanic?

It never hurts to ask although the work won’t be covered by the workshop’s warranty. Most mechanics can get better prices on parts than the public.

Does servicing your own car void warranty?

To maintain your warranty, servicing has to be performed by a qualified mechanic using the manufacturer specifications in your owner manual.

Do any mechanics near me offer Zip, Afterpay or payment plans?

They could! Use the payment method filter on this page to find mechanics using buy now pay later services or who offer payment plans.

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